Active Voice vs. Passive Voice (Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif dalam Bahasa Inggris)

 

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🟦 1. Pengertian Active dan Passive Voice

Dalam bahasa Inggris, voice menunjukkan hubungan antara subjek dan tindakan (verb) dalam sebuah kalimat.
Ada dua bentuk utama:

1.      Active Voice → Subjek melakukan tindakan.

2.      Passive Voice → Subjek menerima tindakan.

👉 In short:

·         Active Voice: The subject performs the action.

·         Passive Voice: The subject receives the action.

 

🔹 A. Active Voice (Kalimat Aktif)

Active voice digunakan ketika subjek adalah pelaku tindakan.
Bentuk ini adalah yang paling sering digunakan dalam percakapan sehari-hari karena lebih langsung dan jelas.

Struktur:

Subject + Verb + Object

Contoh:

·         She writes a letter. → (Dia menulis surat.)

·         They build a new house. → (Mereka membangun rumah baru.)

·         He will finish the project soon. → (Dia akan menyelesaikan proyek itu segera.)

 

Panduan Praktis Belajar Kata Kerja belajar Bahasa Inggris | CV. Cemerlang Publishing

🔹 B. Passive Voice (Kalimat Pasif)

Passive voice digunakan ketika subjek adalah penerima tindakan.
Fokusnya bukan pada pelaku, tetapi pada tindakan atau hasilnya.

Struktur:

Subject + to be + Past Participle (Verb 3) + (by + agent/pelaku)

Contoh:

·         The letter is written by her. → (Surat itu ditulis olehnya.)

·         A new house is built by them. → (Sebuah rumah baru dibangun oleh mereka.)

·         The project will be finished soon. → (Proyek itu akan segera diselesaikan.)

 

🟨 2. Perbedaan Utama Active dan Passive Voice

Aspek	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Fokus	Pelaku tindakan	Penerima tindakan
Struktur	Subject + Verb + Object	Object + to be + Verb 3 (+ by + Subject)
Penggunaan	Umum dan langsung	Formal atau ketika pelaku tidak diketahui
Contoh	The chef cooked the meal.	The meal was cooked by the chef.

 

🟩 3. Rumus Passive Voice Berdasarkan Tenses

Berikut rumus perubahan dari Active ke Passive Voice di berbagai tenses 👇

Tense	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Simple Present	She writes a letter.	A letter is written by her.
Present Continuous	She is writing a letter.	A letter is being written by her.
Present Perfect	She has written a letter.	A letter has been written by her.
Simple Past	She wrote a letter.	A letter was written by her.
Past Continuous	She was writing a letter.	A letter was being written by her.
Past Perfect	She had written a letter.	A letter had been written by her.
Simple Future (will)	She will write a letter.	A letter will be written by her.
Be going to	She is going to write a letter.	A letter is going to be written by her.
Modal Verbs	She can write a letter.	A letter can be written by her.

 

🟥 4. Cara Mengubah Active Voice menjadi Passive Voice

Langkah-langkah mudah untuk mengubah Active Voice → Passive Voice:

1.      Pindahkan Object menjadi Subject.

2.      Gunakan “to be” sesuai dengan tense kalimat.

3.      Ubah kata kerja utama ke bentuk ketiga (Verb 3).

4.      Tambahkan “by” + pelaku (opsional, jika perlu disebutkan).

Contoh:

·         Active: The teacher explains the lesson.

·         Passive: The lesson is explained by the teacher.

Contoh lain:

·         Active: John repaired the car.

·         Passive: The car was repaired by John.

 

🟦 5. Kapan Menggunakan Passive Voice

Gunakan Passive Voice ketika:
✅ Pelaku tidak diketahui.

The window was broken last night.
(Jendela itu dipecahkan tadi malam.)

✅ Pelaku tidak penting untuk disebut.

The road is cleaned every morning.
(Jalan itu dibersihkan setiap pagi.)

✅ Fokus pada hasil atau tindakan, bukan pelaku.

The homework has been done.
(Pekerjaan rumah sudah selesai.)

✅ Dalam gaya bahasa formal atau ilmiah.

The experiment was conducted by experts.
(Eksperimen dilakukan oleh para ahli.)

 

🟧 6. Ciri-Ciri Passive Voice

·         Selalu menggunakan “to be” (am, is, are, was, were, been, being)

·         Diikuti oleh Verb 3 (past participle)

·         Sering disertai oleh “by” + pelaku

·         Fokus pada hasil atau objek tindakan

Contoh cepat:

Kalimat Aktif	Kalimat Pasif
The cat chased the mouse.	The mouse was chased by the cat.
The manager approved the plan.	The plan was approved by the manager.
They are painting the wall.	The wall is being painted by them.

 

🟩 7. Kesalahan Umum (Common Mistakes)

🚫 Salah: The book is write by John.
✅ Benar: The book is written by John.

🚫 Salah: The homework is do by me.
✅ Benar: The homework is done by me.

🚫 Salah: The car was repair yesterday.
✅ Benar: The car was repaired yesterday.

 

🟦 8. Latihan (Practice Exercise)

A. Ubah kalimat aktif berikut menjadi pasif!

1.      She cleans the classroom every day.

2.      They built a new bridge last year.

3.      He is writing a report.

4.      The teacher has explained the lesson.

5.      They will open the new shop next month.

 

✅ Jawaban:

1.      The classroom is cleaned every day.

2.      A new bridge was built last year.

3.      A report is being written by him.

4.      The lesson has been explained by the teacher.

5.      The new shop will be opened next month.

 

✨ 9. Kesimpulan (Conclusion)

Active Voice	Passive Voice
Subjek melakukan tindakan.	Subjek menerima tindakan.
Struktur: S + V + O	Struktur: O + to be + V3 (+ by + S)
Contoh: She writes a letter.	Contoh: A letter is written by her.

Active voice lebih sering digunakan untuk kalimat langsung dan sederhana,
sedangkan Passive voice digunakan untuk menekankan hasil, objek, atau ketika pelaku tidak diketahui.

💡 Remember: “Use active voice to show action — use passive voice to show focus!”