ADVERBS (KATA-KATA KETERANGAN)

 🟦 BAGIAN X: ADVERBS (KATA-KATA KETERANGAN)

Dalam Bahasa Inggris, adverbs atau kata keterangan memiliki peran penting dalam memberikan informasi tambahan mengenai kata kerja (verbs), kata sifat (adjectives), atau kata keterangan lainnya (adverbs).
Adverbs membantu menjelaskan bagaimana, kapan, di mana, seberapa sering, dan sejauh mana suatu tindakan atau keadaan terjadi.

 

A. Pengertian dan Jenis-Jenis Adverbia

1. Pengertian

👉 Adverb adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan atau memberi keterangan pada verb, adjective, atau adverb lainnya.
Contoh:

·         She sings beautifully. (menjelaskan verb “sings”)

·         He is very tall. (menjelaskan adjective “tall”)

·         She runs quite quickly. (menjelaskan adverb “quickly”)

Dasar-Dasar Penguasaan Bahasa Inggris - Aco Nasir | CV. Cemerlang Publishing

2. Jenis-Jenis Adverb

Adverb dapat dibedakan menjadi beberapa jenis utama:

Jenis Adverb	Menjawab Pertanyaan	Contoh
Adverbs of Manner	How? (Bagaimana?)	quickly, slowly, carefully
Adverbs of Time	When? (Kapan?)	now, yesterday, soon, later
Adverbs of Place	Where? (Di mana?)	here, there, everywhere
Adverbs of Frequency	How often? (Seberapa sering?)	always, often, rarely
Adverbs of Degree	How much? (Seberapa?)	very, quite, almost, too
Adverbs of Reason	Why? (Mengapa?)	therefore, thus, hence

 

B. Adverbia Cara (Adverbs of Manner)

1. Pengertian

Adverbs of Manner menjelaskan bagaimana cara atau gaya suatu tindakan dilakukan.
Biasanya menjawab pertanyaan “How?” dan berakhiran -ly.

2. Contoh:

Verb (Kata Kerja)	Adverb (Keterangan Cara)	Contoh Kalimat
speak	clearly	She speaks clearly.
run	quickly	He runs quickly to school.
sing	beautifully	The girl sings beautifully.
drive	carefully	Please drive carefully in the rain.
work	hard	He works hard every day.

⚠️ Catatan: Tidak semua adverb cara berakhiran -ly.
Contoh: fast, hard, well.

·         He runs fast.

·         She studies hard.

·         He speaks English well.

 

C. Adverbia Frekuensi (Adverbs of Frequency)

1. Pengertian

Adverb ini menjelaskan seberapa sering (frekuensi) suatu tindakan terjadi.
Menjawab pertanyaan “How often?”

2. Jenis dan Contoh:

Tingkat Frekuensi	Adverb	Arti	Contoh Kalimat
100%	always	selalu	I always wake up early.
80%	usually	biasanya	She usually goes to school by bus.
60%	often	sering	They often play football.
40%	sometimes	kadang-kadang	We sometimes eat out.
20%	rarely / seldom	jarang	He rarely drinks coffee.
0%	never	tidak pernah	I never smoke.

3. Posisi dalam Kalimat:

Biasanya adverbs of frequency ditempatkan sebelum verb utama, tetapi setelah verb “to be”.

📘 Contoh:

·         She always studies in the library.

·         He is usually busy on Mondays.

·         They sometimes watch movies at night.

 

D. Aturan Penggunaan dan Contoh dalam Kalimat

1. Posisi Umum Adverbs

Jenis Adverb	Posisi Umum	Contoh
Adverb of Manner	Setelah verb atau objek	She drives carefully.
Adverb of Place	Setelah verb utama	He is waiting outside.
Adverb of Time	Biasanya di akhir kalimat	I will go tomorrow.
Adverb of Frequency	Sebelum verb utama	She often reads books.
Adverb of Degree	Sebelum adjective / adverb	It’s very cold today.

2. Kombinasi Beberapa Adverb

Urutan umum:
Manner → Place → Time

📝 Contoh:

·         She sang beautifully (manner) on the stage (place) last night (time).

·         He worked hard in his office yesterday.

 

E. Frasa dan Klausa Adverbia (Adverbial Phrases and Clauses)

1. Adverbial Phrase

Adalah kelompok kata yang berfungsi sebagai keterangan.
Tidak memiliki subjek dan predikat.

📘 Contoh:

·         I’ll meet you in the morning. (Adverbial Phrase of Time)

·         She lives near the beach. (Adverbial Phrase of Place)

·         He did it with great care. (Adverbial Phrase of Manner)

2. Adverbial Clause

Adalah anak kalimat (subordinate clause) yang berfungsi sebagai keterangan dan memiliki subjek + verb.

📘 Contoh:

·         I’ll call you when I arrive. (Time)

·         She sings as if she were a professional singer. (Manner)

·         Because it was raining, we stayed home. (Reason)

·         He ran so fast that he won the race. (Result)

 

F. Pembentukan Adverbia dari Kata Sifat

1. Pola Umum

Sebagian besar adverbs dibentuk dengan menambahkan akhiran -ly pada adjectives.

Adjective	Adverb	Contoh Kalimat
quick	quickly	He runs quickly.
careful	carefully	Drive carefully.
happy	happily	They lived happily ever after.
angry	angrily	She spoke angrily.

2. Pengecualian:

Beberapa kata tidak mengikuti aturan -ly:

Adjective	Adverb	Catatan
good	well	He speaks English well.
fast	fast	Sama bentuknya untuk adj. dan adv.
hard	hard	Sama bentuknya; beda arti dari “hardly”.
late	late	Sama bentuknya, beda arti dari “lately” (baru-baru ini).

 

G. Adverbs in Formal vs. Informal Writing

1. Dalam Tulisan Formal:

Gunakan bentuk lengkap dan tata bahasa baku.
📘 Contoh:

·         The results were significantly improved.

·         He responded promptly to the request.

·         The project was completed successfully.

2. Dalam Bahasa Sehari-Hari (Informal):

Bentuk adverb sering lebih sederhana atau bahkan dihilangkan.
📘 Contoh:

·         She did really good. (informal) → (formal: She did really well.)

·         He drives real fast. (informal) → (formal: He drives really fast.)

·         It’s pretty hard. (informal, “pretty” = “quite”)

 

🧩 Latihan Singkat

A. Lengkapilah kalimat berikut dengan adverb yang tepat:

1.      She sings __________ (beautiful).

2.      He drives __________ (careful).

3.      They are __________ (always / usually) on time.

4.      We will go __________ (tomorrow / yesterday).

5.      The baby sleeps __________ (quiet).

Kunci Jawaban:

1.      beautifully

2.      carefully

3.      always

4.      tomorrow

5.      quietly

 

Kesimpulan

·         Adverbs menjelaskan cara, waktu, tempat, frekuensi, atau tingkat suatu tindakan.

·         Dapat berupa kata tunggal, frasa, atau klausa.

·         Bentuk umum: adjective + -ly, dengan beberapa pengecualian.

·         Penguasaan adverbs membuat kalimat lebih deskriptif, akurat, dan alami baik dalam tulisan maupun percakapan.