🗣️ Passive Voice (Kalimat Pasif dalam Bahasa
Inggris)
🟦 1. Pengertian Passive Voice
Passive Voice adalah bentuk kalimat di mana subjek
menerima tindakan dari kata kerja (verb), bukan melakukan
tindakan.
Dengan kata lain, fokus kalimat bukan pada pelaku
(doer), tetapi pada penerima tindakan
(receiver).
👉 In short:
Passive Voice is a sentence in which the subject receives the
action of the verb.
Contoh:
·
The
letter is written by Anna. → (Surat itu ditulis oleh Anna.)
·
The
car was repaired by the mechanic. → (Mobil itu diperbaiki oleh
montir.)
·
The
cake will be made by my mother. → (Kue itu akan dibuat oleh
ibuku.)
Dalam contoh di atas, the letter, the
car, dan the cake adalah penerima
tindakan, bukan pelaku.
🟨 2. Fungsi Passive Voice
Passive voice digunakan ketika:
✅ Kita tidak tahu siapa
pelakunya.
✅ Pelaku tidak penting
untuk disebutkan.
✅ Fokus ingin diarahkan pada hasil
atau objek tindakan.
Contoh:
·
The window was
broken. → (Jendela itu pecah.)
·
English is
spoken in many countries. → (Bahasa Inggris digunakan di banyak
negara.)
·
The project has
been completed. → (Proyek telah diselesaikan.)
🟩 3. Struktur Kalimat Passive Voice
Struktur dasar passive voice adalah:
Subject + to be + past participle (V3) + (by + agent)
Keterangan:
·
Subject
= penerima tindakan
·
To
be = sesuai dengan tenses
·
V3
= bentuk ketiga dari verb
·
By
+ agent (pelaku) = opsional
Contoh:
·
Active: The teacher explains
the lesson.
·
Passive: The lesson is
explained (by the teacher).
🟧 4. Rumus Passive Voice Berdasarkan Tense
|
Tense |
Rumus
Passive Voice |
Contoh |
Arti |
|
Simple Present |
am/is/are + V3 |
The book is
read by him. |
Buku itu dibaca olehnya. |
|
Present Continuous |
am/is/are + being + V3 |
The book is
being read by him. |
Buku itu sedang dibaca olehnya. |
|
Present Perfect |
has/have + been + V3 |
The book has
been read by him. |
Buku itu telah dibaca olehnya. |
|
Simple Past |
was/were + V3 |
The book was
read by him. |
Buku itu dibaca olehnya. |
|
Past Continuous |
was/were + being + V3 |
The book was
being read by him. |
Buku itu sedang dibaca olehnya. |
|
Past Perfect |
had + been + V3 |
The book had
been read by him. |
Buku itu telah dibaca olehnya. |
|
Simple Future |
will + be + V3 |
The book will
be read by him. |
Buku itu akan dibaca olehnya. |
|
Modal Verbs |
modal + be + V3 |
The book can be
read by him. |
Buku itu bisa dibaca olehnya. |
🟥 5. Perbandingan Active vs. Passive Voice
|
Aspek |
Active
Voice |
Passive
Voice |
|
Subjek |
Melakukan tindakan |
Menerima tindakan |
|
Struktur |
Subject + Verb + Object |
Object + to be + V3 (+ by + Subject) |
|
Fokus |
Pelaku tindakan |
Penerima tindakan |
|
Contoh |
The chef cooks
the meal. |
The meal is
cooked by the chef. |
|
Gaya Bahasa |
Langsung, jelas |
Formal, objektif |
|
Penggunaan |
Umum dalam percakapan |
Umum dalam laporan, berita, tulisan formal |
🟦 6. Langkah Mengubah Active Voice menjadi Passive Voice
Langkah-langkah mudah mengubah kalimat aktif ke pasif:
1️⃣ Pindahkan
objek kalimat aktif menjadi subjek kalimat pasif.
2️⃣ Gunakan
bentuk “to be” sesuai tense.
3️⃣ Gunakan
past participle (V3) dari kata kerja.
4️⃣ Tambahkan
“by + pelaku” jika perlu.
Contoh:
·
Active: The company builds
new houses.
·
Passive: New houses are
built (by the company).
Contoh lain:
·
Active: My father will
repair the car.
·
Passive: The car will
be repaired by my father.
🟩 7. Contoh Kalimat Passive Voice dalam Berbagai Tenses
|
Tense |
Active
Voice |
Passive
Voice |
|
Simple Present |
She cleans the room. |
The room is cleaned by her. |
|
Simple Past |
He painted the wall. |
The wall was painted by him. |
|
Present Continuous |
They are building a bridge. |
A bridge is being built by them. |
|
Present Perfect |
They have finished the project. |
The project has been finished by them. |
|
Future |
She will send the letter. |
The letter will be sent by her. |
|
Modal |
They can solve the problem. |
The problem can be solved by them. |
Modul Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris: Sintaksis Tingkat Lanjut – Menguasai
Transformasi Active dan Passive Voice
1. Pendahuluan: Mengapa Kita Harus Membandingkan
Keduanya?
Dalam tata bahasa Inggris (English Grammar), kemampuan membedakan dan
mentransformasikan kalimat antara Active Voice (Kalimat Aktif) dan Passive Voice (Kalimat Pasif)
adalah salah satu indikator utama kematangan berbahasa seseorang.
Banyak pembelajar bahasa Inggris bisa membuat kalimat
aktif, tetapi mereka sering kali kebingungan saat harus menulis laporan ilmiah,
berita formal, atau artikel bisnis yang menuntut penggunaan kalimat pasif yang
objektif. Modul ini dirancang untuk membedah perbedaan fundamental kedua
struktur tersebut secara kontras dan memberikan panduan mekanis langkah demi
langkah yang sangat mudah dipraktikkan.
2. Analisis Komparatif Komprehensif: Active vs. Passive
Voice
Untuk memahami gambaran besarnya secara cepat dan
scannable, mari kita bedah matriks perbandingan dari materi dasar Anda dengan
analisis teoretis yang lebih mendalam:
Matriks Perbandingan Teoretis dan Praktis
|
Aspek Perbandingan |
Active Voice (Wajah Aktif) |
Passive Voice (Wajah Pasif) |
|
Sifat
Subjek |
Melakukan
tindakan (Aktor/Pelaku utama yang berinisiatif). |
Menerima tindakan (Menjadi korban
atau penerima dampak aksi). |
|
Formula
Dasar |
{Subject} + {Verb} + {Object} |
{Object (as new Subject)} + {To Be} + {Verb 3} + ({by} + {Agent}) |
|
Titik
Fokus Kalimat |
Menyoroti
siapa yang melakukan
tindakan tersebut. |
Menyoroti
tindakan itu sendiri
atau apa yang dikenai
tindakan. |
|
Gaya
Bahasa (Tone) |
Langsung (direct), tegas,
lincah, dan efisien. |
Formal, objektif,
berjarak (detached),
dan akademis. |
|
Domain
Penggunaan |
Percakapan
sehari-hari, novel/cerita, instruksi langsung, iklan. |
Laporan
laboratorium, berita koran, dokumen hukum, jurnal ilmiah. |
3. Bedah 4 Langkah Emas Transformasi Mekanis
Mengubah kalimat aktif menjadi pasif sebenarnya mirip
dengan menyelesaikan persamaan matematika terstruktur. Anda hanya perlu
mengikuti 4 Langkah Emas di
bawah ini secara berurutan:
1️⃣
Pindahkan Objek Menjadi Subjek Baru
Cari objek langsung (direct object) di kalimat aktif, lalu tarik kata
tersebut ke posisi paling depan kalimat untuk menjadi subjek di kalimat pasif.
2️⃣
Suntikkan "To Be" yang Sesuai dengan Tense dan Jumlah Subjek
Ini adalah langkah paling krusial. Perhatikan tense dari kalimat aktif asli.
Apakah itu present, past, atau future? Selain itu, periksa apakah subjek baru
tersebut tunggal (singular)
atau jamak (plural).
Pilihlah to be yang tepat (am, is, are, was, were, be, been,
being).
3️⃣
Mutasikan Kata Kerja Utama Menjadi Past Participle (Verb 3)
Apapun bentuk kata kerja di kalimat aktif (apakah V1,
V2, atau V-ing), ketika masuk ke dalam rumus pasif, kata kerja tersebut wajib bermutasi menjadi bentuk Verb 3 (Past Participle), baik
itu regular maupun irregular.
4️⃣
Tambahkan "by + Pelaku" (Jika Relevan)
Letakkan subjek asli dari kalimat aktif ke posisi
paling belakang dengan diawali kata depan by. Jika pelaku tindakan bersifat umum, tidak
diketahui, atau tidak penting (seperti someone, people, they), bagian ini boleh dihapus/dihilangkan.
4. Aplikasi Pengayaan Contoh Lintas Tenses (Studi
Kasus 10 Kalimat)
Mari kita praktikan 4 langkah di atas ke dalam berbagai
variasi tenses yang sering
memicu kekeliruan.
A. Rumpun Present Tense (Masa Sekarang / Rutinitas)
⚡ Studi Kasus 1: Simple Present
Tense (To Be: is/am/are)
·
Active: The chef cooks the meal.
·
Passive: The meal is cooked by the chef.
·
Analisis Langkah: Objek The meal maju ke depan. Karena the meal adalah tunggal
dan kalimat berbentuk present, kita gunakan is. Kata cooks berubah menjadi V3 (cooked).
⚡ Studi Kasus 2: Present Jamak
·
Active: The company builds new houses.
·
Passive: New houses are built by the company.
·
Analisis Langkah: Perhatikan bahwa subjek baru adalah New houses (jamak),
sehingga to be yang
dipilih berubah menjadi are,
meskipun di kalimat aktifnya menggunakan perusahaan tunggal (company).
⚡ Studi Kasus 3: Present
Continuous Tense (To Be: is/am/are + being)
·
Active: The marketing team is designing a new logo.
·
Passive: A new logo is being designed by the marketing team.
·
Analisis Langkah: Untuk mempertahankan nuansa
"sedang berlangsung", kita wajib menyelipkan kata being sebelum Verb 3.
B. Rumpun Past Tense (Masa Lampau)
⚡ Studi Kasus 4: Simple Past Tense
Tunggal (To Be: was)
·
Active: The author wrote a historic novel last year.
·
Passive: A historic novel was written by the author last year.
·
Analisis Langkah: Karena kalimat menggunakan kata wrote (V2), maka kita
menggunakan to be
lampau yaitu was
(karena novelnya tunggal).
⚡ Studi Kasus 5: Simple Past Tense
Jamak (To Be: were)
·
Active: The manager evaluated three employees yesterday.
·
Passive: Three employees were evaluated by the manager yesterday.
·
Analisis Langkah: Subjek baru Three employees adalah
jamak di masa lalu, sehingga wajib berpasangan dengan were.
⚡ Studi Kasus 6: Past Continuous
Tense (To Be: was/were + being)
·
Active: The mechanics were repairing my laptop when I arrived.
·
Passive: My laptop was being repaired by the mechanics when I arrived.
C. Rumpun Perfect Tense (Ketuntasan Aksi)
⚡ Studi Kasus 7: Present Perfect
Tense (To Be: has/have + been)
·
Active: The students have completed the final assignment.
·
Passive: The final assignment has been completed by the students.
·
Analisis Langkah: Kalimat pasif perfect wajib
ditambahkan kata been.
Perhatikan perubahan dari have
menjadi has karena
menyesuaikan dengan subjek tunggal the final assignment.
⚡ Studi Kasus 8: Past Perfect
Tense (To Be: had + been)
·
Active: The scientist had discovered the cure before the outbreak ended.
·
Passive: The cure had been discovered by the scientist before the
outbreak ended.
D. Rumpun Future Tense & Modals (Masa Depan /
Rencana)
⚡ Studi Kasus 9: Simple Future
Tense (To Be: will be)
·
Active: My father will repair the car tomorrow.
·
Passive: The car will be repaired by my father tomorrow.
·
Analisis Langkah: Modal will harus diikuti oleh bentuk dasar be sebelum dipasangkan
dengan Verb 3.
⚡ Studi Kasus 10: Modal Auxiliary
Lain (should, must, can)
·
Active: We must
protect our natural environment.
·
Passive: Our natural environment must be protected by us.
5. Ringkasan Perubahan Bentuk To Be: Referensi Cepat
Gunakan tabel di bawah ini sebagai lembar contekan (cheat sheet) cepat saat Anda
melakukan langkah ke-2 dalam latihan mandiri:
|
Nama Tense |
Kata Kerja Kalimat Aktif |
To Be Kalimat Pasif |
|
Simple
Present |
V1 /
V+s/es |
am / is / are |
|
Simple
Past |
V2 |
was / were |
|
Present
Continuous |
am/is/are
+ V-ing |
am / is / are +
being |
|
Present
Perfect |
has/have + V3 |
has / have + been |
|
Simple
Future |
will +
V1 |
will + be |
|
Modals
(can/must/should) |
modal + V1 |
modal + be |
6. Lembar Latihan Mandiri (Comprehensive Quiz)
Terapkan 4 Langkah Emas untuk mengubah kalimat aktif di
bawah ini menjadi kalimat pasif yang sempurna!
1.
Active:
The famous artist paints a
giant mural on the wall.
Passive:
____________________________________________________
2.
Active:
The lightning struck the
tall pine tree last night.
Passive:
____________________________________________________
3.
Active:
Our professor is checking
the mid-term test papers right now.
Passive:
____________________________________________________
4.
Active:
The chef has prepared three
special dishes for the VIP guests.
Passive:
____________________________________________________
5.
Active:
The local community will
organize a charity event next Sunday.
Passive:
____________________________________________________
Kunci Jawaban dan Analisis Pembahasan
1.
Passive:
A giant mural is painted by
the famous artist on the wall.
Pembahasan: Kalimat
berbentuk Simple Present
Tense tunggal, maka menggunakan is + V3 (painted).
2.
Passive:
The tall pine tree was
struck by the lightning last night.
Pembahasan: Kalimat
menggunakan V2 (struck),
subjek baru tunggal, menggunakan was + V3 (struck).
3.
Passive:
The mid-term test papers are
being checked by our professor right now.
Pembahasan: Kalimat Present Continuous.
Karena subjek baru jamak (test
papers), maka menggunakan are being + V3 (checked).
4.
Passive:
Three special dishes have
been prepared by the chef for the VIP guests.
Pembahasan: Kalimat Present Perfect. Subjek
baru jamak (three special
dishes), sehingga berubah menggunakan have been + V3 (prepared).
5.
Passive:
A charity event will be
organized by the local community next Sunday.
Pembahasan: Kalimat
menggunakan Future Tense
(will), diubah menjadi pasif menggunakan formula will be + V3 (organized).
🟨 8. Kapan Passive Voice Digunakan
Gunakan Passive Voice jika:
✅ Pelaku tidak diketahui.
✅ Pelaku tidak penting.
✅ Anda ingin fokus pada hasil atau objek.
✅ Dalam konteks formal seperti laporan, berita, atau
penelitian.
Contoh:
·
The bridge was
built in 1990. (Tidak penting siapa yang membangun.)
·
The meeting has
been postponed. (Fokus pada hasil, bukan pelaku.)
🟧 9. Latihan (Practice Exercise)
Ubah kalimat berikut dari Active Voice menjadi Passive
Voice:
1. The students write the report.
2. My mother is cooking the dinner.
3. The mechanic repaired the car.
4. The teacher will check the homework.
5. They have finished the job.
✅ Jawaban:
1. The report is written by the students.
2. The dinner is being cooked by my mother.
3. The car was repaired by the mechanic.
4. The homework will be checked by the teacher.
5. The job has been finished by them.
✨ 10.
Kesimpulan (Conclusion)
Passive Voice digunakan ketika subjek menerima
tindakan, bukan melakukan tindakan.
Kalimat pasif sering digunakan dalam tulisan formal,
laporan, dan berita, di mana pelaku tidak penting atau tidak
diketahui.
💡 Passive Voice helps
focus on the action or result, not the doer.
📘 Rangkuman
Singkat
|
Aspek |
Passive
Voice |
|
Fokus |
Pada penerima tindakan (objek) |
|
Struktur |
Subject + to be + V3 (+ by + agent) |
|
Fungsi |
Menyembunyikan atau meniadakan pelaku |
|
Gaya Bahasa |
Formal dan objektif |
|
Contoh |
The letter is written by Anna. |
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